Controversy over the Date of Easter: Difference between revisions

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    [[Image:320px-Easter Bunny Postcard 1907.jpg|thumb|200px|Just in case you thought the issue of a bunny was controversial.]]   
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    The First Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. repudiated Quartodecimanism (Easter on the 14th of Nissan), and acknowledge exceptional authority of the patriarchs of the Churches in Alexandria and Rome over their respective regions.
    {{Church History}}  
    {|style="background-color:#cedff2; border:1px #a3b0bf solid; text-align:center;"
    |''"Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days."''(Colossians 2:16)
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    So what was the big deal about the date of Easter?
    It is astounding that the date of Easter caused so much contention in the early church given Paul's statement that dates are a matter of personal preference and should not be the subject of judgment and disputation.


    ==Gentile vs. Jewish Christians==
    ==Quartodecimanism==
    The Last Supper happened at Passover, which is the 14th of Nissan according to the Jewish Calendar.  Jewish Christians began celebrating the Lord's Supper on this date.  During the early years of the church, Jews were exiled from the city of Rome.  As a result, Rome became the first all-Gentile Church for a time. Gentile Christians did not follow the Jewish Calendar, and decided to celebrate Passover on the first Sunday after the full moon after the March equinox. 


    ==Rome's Authority==
    The early Christians in the eastern part of the Roman empire held that Jesus ate the paschal lamb on the fourteenth day of Nisan and was crucified on the fifteenth, while the Roman church, holding that Jesus himself was the Paschal Lamb, maintained that he was crucified on the fourteenth.
    Sixtus I was the sixth Bishop of Rome.  In 117 A.D., he declared that any Bishop visiting Rome should not be accepted back without a letter of recommendation.  This is the first time a Bishop tried exerting influence over another Bishop, and he was largely ignored by other churches at that time. Sixtus' doctrine is in contrast to the deeds of the third Bishop of Rome, Clement, who wrote the following to the Corinthians:


    :''submit yourselves to the presbyters, and receive correction so as to repent...For it is better for you that ye should occupy a humble but honourable place in the flock of Christ, than that, being highly exalted, ye should be cast out from the hope of His people.'' (The Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, CHAP. LVII)
    The cause of this appears to be that Jews were exiled from the city of Rome.  As a result, Rome became the first all-Gentile Church for a time. Gentile Christians did not follow the Jewish Calendar, and decided to celebrate the resurrection (Easter) on the first Sunday after the full moon after the March equinox.
     
    The dispute among the early Eastern and Western churches relating to the divergence in the fixing of the day of Easter was referred to as Quartodecimanism (14th day) and anti-Quartodecimanism (15th day).<ref>Solomon Zeitlin, “‘The Secret of Badhu’: A Specimen of ‘Jewish Camouflage,’” The American Journal of Theology XXIV, no. 4 (1920): 502.</ref>


    ==Polycarp, Anicetus and Easter==
    ==Polycarp, Anicetus and Easter==
    The Bishops in Rome continued with this feeling of supremacy until Polycarp (the disciple of John), became frustrated by their attempts to influence other churches over trivial matters and traveled to Rome to deal with the issue of the date of the Passover/Eucharist.


    Anicetus (the 10th Bishop of Rome) submitted to Polycarp's rebuke, and an agreement was reached around 160 A.D. that each church should have the right to determine the date of the Passover/Eucharist independently. 
    Polycarp was a well-known and venerable figure of the first half of the second century. From Tertullian, Irenaeus, and Eusebius we learn that he had listened at Ephesus to St. John the Apostle, who had appointed him bishop of nearby Smyrna.  Polycarp was a man of more than eighty when a violent persecution broke out in Smyrna and finally engulfed him (A.D. 156)<ref>Francis X. Glimm, “The Letter of St. Polycarp To The Philippians,” in The Apostolic Fathers, trans. Francis X. Glimm, Joseph M.-F. Marique, and Gerald G. Walsh, vol. 1, The Fathers of the Church (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1947), 131.</ref>


    Polycarp also influenced Anicetus to condemn certain heresies with more vigor.
    Irenaeus recounts the specific instance when Polycarp visited Rome in the time of Anicetus (ca. 155): “although they disagreed a little about some other matters as well, they immediately made peace, having no wish for strife between them on this matter” (5.24.16). Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus was able to persuade the other of the correctness of his own observance, but “under these circumstances they communicated with each other, and in the church, Anicetus yielded the celebration of the Lord's Supper to Polycarp, obviously out of respect, and they parted from each other in peace, for the peace of the whole church was kept by those who observed and those who did not.”<ref>Luke Timothy Johnson, Among the Gentiles: Greco-Roman Religion and Christianity (New Haven;  London: Yale University Press, 2009), 244–245.</ref>


    ==Irenaeus, Victor and Easter==
    ==Irenaeus, Victor and Easter==
    Victor was the 13th Bishop in Rome.  He excommunicated all of the churches in Asia Minor for disagreeing with his interpretation regarding the date of the celebration of Easter. Most of the churches in Asia Minor had significant Jewish populations, while Rome had little Jewish influence.  Irenaeus addressed Victor in a letter (only a fragment of which remains), warning him that if he persisted in the course on which he had entered, the effect would be to rend the Catholic Church in pieces. In 190 or 191, Irenaeus travelled to Rome to meet with Victor, who received and accepted the rebukes of Irenaeus. The debate of the date of the passover continued to be handled independently by each Church until the Council of Nicea.<ref>
    Victor was the 13th Bishop in Rome.  He excommunicated all of the churches in Asia Minor for disagreeing with his interpretation regarding the date of the celebration of Easter. Most of the churches in Asia Minor had significant Jewish populations, while Rome had little Jewish influence.  Irenaeus addressed Victor in a letter (only a fragment of which remains), warning him that if he persisted in the course on which he had entered, the effect would be to rend the Church in pieces. In 190 or 191, Irenaeus travelled to Rome to meet with Victor, who received and accepted the rebukes of Irenaeus. The debate of the date of the passover continued to be handled independently by each Church until the Council of Nicaea.<ref>''"The pacific name [Irenaeus] bears, was rendered yet more illustrious by his interposition to compose the Easter Controversy, then threatening to impair, if not to destroy, the unity of the Church. The beautiful concordat between East and West, in which Polycarp and Anicetus had left the question, was now disturbed by Victor, Bishop of Rome, whose turbulent spirit would not accept the compromise of his predecessor. Irenaeus remonstrates with him in a catholic spirit, and overrules his impetuous temper."'' [[Irenaeus Introduction|INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO IRENAEUS AGAINST HERESIES]], Vol. I Ante-Nicene Fathers 309 </ref>
    :''"The pacific name [Irenaeus] bears, was rendered yet more illustrious by his interposition to compose the Easter Controversy, then threatening to impair, if not to destroy, the unity of the Church. The beautiful concordat between East and West, in which Polycarp and Anicetus had left the question, was now disturbed by Victor, Bishop of Rome, whose turbulent spirit would not accept the compromise of his predecessor. Irenaeus remonstrates with him in a catholic spirit, and overrules his impetuous temper. At the Council of Nice, the rule for the observance of Easter was finally settled by the whole Church; and the forbearing example of Irenaeus, no doubt contributed greatly to this happy result."'' [[Irenaeus Introduction|INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO IRENAEUS AGAINST HERESIES]], Vol. I Ante-Nicene Fathers 309 </ref>
    ==Columba and Easter==
    Ireland was outside of the Roman Empire, and Christianity developed independently in this region without Rome's influence.  The Irish, like the Jews, had a calendar that did not agree with the Roman calendar, and celebrated Passover on a different day of the year. 
     
    The life story of Columba written in the 600's tells of prophecies concerning the date of Easter:


    :''But during this short time that the saint was a guest in the monastery of Clon, there were many other things also which he prophesied by the revelation of the Holy Ghost; as, for instance, about the discord which arose a long time after among the churches of Scotia (Ireland), on account of the difference with regard to the Easter Feast; '' <ref>[[The Life of Columba - Book I]], CHAPTER III. Prophecy of St. Columba regarding Ernene, son of Crasen.</ref>
    ==The First Council of Nicaea and Easter==


    ==Easter Sacks The Influence Of The Irish Monks==
    The impact of the Council of Nicaea were significant but not immediate.  This was the first time that a significant number of bishops in the Church gathered to agree on a doctrinal statement. This was also the first time the Emperor played a role by calling together the bishops under his authority, and using the power of the state to give the Council's orders effect.


    After Columba's passing, Abbot Segene of Iona sent Aedan as a missionary to evangelize Northumbria (England), who disputed with Pope Severinus in 638 over the date of Easter.  Aedan converted the English simply by walking from village to village, politely conversing, and slowly winning their hearts to Christ, and established a Monastary at Lindisfarne.  Aedan was succeded by Finan and then Colman. Colman was eventually evicted by the Christian Northumbrians after they accepted the Roman date of Easter (which the Ionian monks strongly protested), and he returned to Iona and later established a monastary on the island of Inishbofin off the west coast of Ireland, which remained until the 10th Century.  
    In the short-term, however, the Council did not completely solve the problems it was convened to discuss and a period of conflict and upheaval continued for some time. Constantine was succeeded by two Arian Emperors: his son, Constantius II, and Valens.


    Conomail of Iona became very involved with the Easter controversy, and was finally replaced under questionable circumstances by Dunchad.  Dunchad quickly adopted the Roman date of Easter, and established ties with Rome.  King Nechtan IV of the Picts then expelled all of the Ionian monks as he wished to remain free from both Rome and Northumbrian influence.
    Pagan powers within the Roman Empire sought to re-establish paganism (Arbogast and Julian the Apostate).  Arians regained nearly all of the rights they had lost, and consequently, Arianism continued to spread within the Church during the remainder of the fourth century.  


    The politics of the Roman Church brought about the fall of Iona, which was readily apparent to the Pictish kings.  Lindisfarne was sacked by the Vikings in 793, and Iona in 795.
    The First Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. repudiated Quartodecimanism (Easter on the 14th of Nissan).  It also gave jurisdiction over large regions to the bishops of Alexandria, Rome, and Antioch.


     


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    "Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days."(Colossians 2:16)

    It is astounding that the date of Easter caused so much contention in the early church given Paul's statement that dates are a matter of personal preference and should not be the subject of judgment and disputation.

    Quartodecimanism

    The early Christians in the eastern part of the Roman empire held that Jesus ate the paschal lamb on the fourteenth day of Nisan and was crucified on the fifteenth, while the Roman church, holding that Jesus himself was the Paschal Lamb, maintained that he was crucified on the fourteenth.

    The cause of this appears to be that Jews were exiled from the city of Rome. As a result, Rome became the first all-Gentile Church for a time. Gentile Christians did not follow the Jewish Calendar, and decided to celebrate the resurrection (Easter) on the first Sunday after the full moon after the March equinox.

    The dispute among the early Eastern and Western churches relating to the divergence in the fixing of the day of Easter was referred to as Quartodecimanism (14th day) and anti-Quartodecimanism (15th day).[1]

    Polycarp, Anicetus and Easter

    Polycarp was a well-known and venerable figure of the first half of the second century. From Tertullian, Irenaeus, and Eusebius we learn that he had listened at Ephesus to St. John the Apostle, who had appointed him bishop of nearby Smyrna. Polycarp was a man of more than eighty when a violent persecution broke out in Smyrna and finally engulfed him (A.D. 156)[2]

    Irenaeus recounts the specific instance when Polycarp visited Rome in the time of Anicetus (ca. 155): “although they disagreed a little about some other matters as well, they immediately made peace, having no wish for strife between them on this matter” (5.24.16). Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus was able to persuade the other of the correctness of his own observance, but “under these circumstances they communicated with each other, and in the church, Anicetus yielded the celebration of the Lord's Supper to Polycarp, obviously out of respect, and they parted from each other in peace, for the peace of the whole church was kept by those who observed and those who did not.”[3]

    Irenaeus, Victor and Easter

    Victor was the 13th Bishop in Rome. He excommunicated all of the churches in Asia Minor for disagreeing with his interpretation regarding the date of the celebration of Easter. Most of the churches in Asia Minor had significant Jewish populations, while Rome had little Jewish influence. Irenaeus addressed Victor in a letter (only a fragment of which remains), warning him that if he persisted in the course on which he had entered, the effect would be to rend the Church in pieces. In 190 or 191, Irenaeus travelled to Rome to meet with Victor, who received and accepted the rebukes of Irenaeus. The debate of the date of the passover continued to be handled independently by each Church until the Council of Nicaea.[4]

    The First Council of Nicaea and Easter

    The impact of the Council of Nicaea were significant but not immediate. This was the first time that a significant number of bishops in the Church gathered to agree on a doctrinal statement. This was also the first time the Emperor played a role by calling together the bishops under his authority, and using the power of the state to give the Council's orders effect.

    In the short-term, however, the Council did not completely solve the problems it was convened to discuss and a period of conflict and upheaval continued for some time. Constantine was succeeded by two Arian Emperors: his son, Constantius II, and Valens.

    Pagan powers within the Roman Empire sought to re-establish paganism (Arbogast and Julian the Apostate). Arians regained nearly all of the rights they had lost, and consequently, Arianism continued to spread within the Church during the remainder of the fourth century.

    The First Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. repudiated Quartodecimanism (Easter on the 14th of Nissan). It also gave jurisdiction over large regions to the bishops of Alexandria, Rome, and Antioch.



    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Solomon Zeitlin, “‘The Secret of Badhu’: A Specimen of ‘Jewish Camouflage,’” The American Journal of Theology XXIV, no. 4 (1920): 502.
    2. ↑ Francis X. Glimm, “The Letter of St. Polycarp To The Philippians,” in The Apostolic Fathers, trans. Francis X. Glimm, Joseph M.-F. Marique, and Gerald G. Walsh, vol. 1, The Fathers of the Church (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1947), 131.
    3. ↑ Luke Timothy Johnson, Among the Gentiles: Greco-Roman Religion and Christianity (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2009), 244–245.
    4. ↑ "The pacific name [Irenaeus] bears, was rendered yet more illustrious by his interposition to compose the Easter Controversy, then threatening to impair, if not to destroy, the unity of the Church. The beautiful concordat between East and West, in which Polycarp and Anicetus had left the question, was now disturbed by Victor, Bishop of Rome, whose turbulent spirit would not accept the compromise of his predecessor. Irenaeus remonstrates with him in a catholic spirit, and overrules his impetuous temper." INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO IRENAEUS AGAINST HERESIES, Vol. I Ante-Nicene Fathers 309


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