Persecuting Christians
Saint Theodora (Greek Θεοδώρα) was the wife of the Byzantine emperor Theophilus (813 – 842). Following the death of her husband, she overrode his ecclesiastical policy and summoned a council under the patriarch Methodius, in which the veneration (not worship) of icons (images of Christ and the saints) was finally restored and the iconoclastic clergy dispossessed. However, it was during her regency that a vigorous persecution of the Paulician 'heresy' commenced.
Christians Persecuting Christians
Athanasius (d.373) and Augustine (d. 430) both supported violence against heresies. In another example of early propoganda, the Arian enemies that Athanasius taught against were not a cohesive group as he put forth, but were actually small groups of supporters that held vastly different theological views. The "Arian party" identified by Athanasius may simply be a fabrication - one which resulted in much persecution.
Regardless, Constantine's physical enforcement of orthodoxy, along with Rome, Alexandria, and other sects physically persecuting each other marked the start of a downward slide for the Christian Church.
In response to Martin, Patrick, and Columba's influence in Northern Europe, the Catholic Church started missionary activities in these areas, and began arranging the marriages of various English and French kings to Catholic women in order to curb the expansion of Irish Christianity, which was seen as a threat to Rome.
The persecution of the Persian church from the rule of Shapur II (340 AD) to Hormizd III (c. 458 AD) as a result of the Roman Empire's favour for Christianity.
- Hippolytus' writings accuse Bishop Callixtus of allowing abortions,
- Bishop Marcellinus recanted Christianity and sacrificed to idols to escape persecution (although it is said he later recanted).
What is visible from this list of Roman Bishops is the rise of the doctrine of the Trinity, the Church of Rome's growing influence over other Churches in the Roman Empire, and the direct interference of Roman Emperors with the Church with Emperor Maxentius deposing consecutive Bishops until a more 'suitable' Bishop could be found.
Christians were severely persecuted by Pagan Rome between 170 AD and 312 AD. Marcus Aurelis executed a number of Christians in Lyon, France, in 177 AD. Septimus Severus (193 - 211 AD) upheld the already-established laws against Christianity, allowing logal governers to persecute them (especially strong in Africa) while sheltering the Christians in Rome itself. Alexander Severus (222-235 AD) wanted to build a temple to the founder of Christianity, but was dissuaded by pagan priests. Maximinus Thrax (235-238 AD) persecuted Christians relentlessly, as did Decius (249-251 AD) and Valerian (253-260 AD).
The Roman Emperor Diocletian was figure of contrasts. Born to a poor family, he rose in stature in the Roman army and cavalry, until claiming the Empire for himself in 284. Taking the title "Jovius" and "Dominus et deus" (Lord and God), he reinstituted the Roman form of Emperor worship, forcing all who came to see him to prostrate themselves before his throne, and forbidding visitors to look at him. At the same time, Diocletian gave half of the empire to his friend Maximian (who took the title "Herculius"), and together they unified the power of the Roman Empire. His military and economic reforms formed the basis of the Byzantine Empire (which was to last another thousand years), and enabled the western Roman empire to continue another hundred years. In 305, after becoming sick, Diocletian became one of the few Roman Emperors to retire, and he took up the hobby of cabbage farming at his palace in Dalmatia.
In 303 the Roman Emperor Diocletian published an "Edict against the Christians" [1] ordering the destruction of Christian scriptures and places of worship across the Empire, while prohibiting Christians from assembling for worship. Fires in Diocletian's palace in Nicomedia caused him to increase this persecution. In 304, Diocletian ordered everyone in the empire to sacrifice [2] , which was a sign of apostacy to Christians, with persecution, imprisonment, or execution for those refusing to participate.
The Emperor Galerius continued Diocletian's ruthless persecution of Christianity until 311 when he wrote an edict of tolerance on his death bed. The persecutions still continued, primarily in the eastern provinces, until the year 312 when Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan, formalized religious tolerance in the Empire.
Of note is the gap of two years between Alexander and Sixtus where there was no Bishop in Rome due to severe persecution. The Church under Sixtus was probably a decimated and persecuted Church, and may have been an entirely different Church than the church under Alexander (a martyr) due to dispersion and death of the inhabitants of the earlier church, and reintegration of backslidden Christians (probable, but speculation only).
In 1520, there were four main government-approved churches: the Roman Catholic Church, The Eastern Orthodox Church, The Ethiopian Church, and the Assyrian (Indian) Church - divided primarily by location. By 1750, there were numerous organized Protestant denominations, including the Anglicans, Lutherans, Mennonites, Baptists, Hutterites, Moravians, Pilgrims, Armenians, Puritans, Quakers, and Huguenots. Many of these groups were persecuted by the Catholic Church, but also persecuted the Catholic Church and each other when the opportunity arose.
- The Spanish Inquistion in Spain, Sicily, Southern Italy, Mexico and Peru continued until 1834.
- Protestants and Catholics continued to condemn witchraft, and killed thousands in witchhunts.
- The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, between Protestants and Catholics, resulting in deaths, and for the most part famine.
- The Portugese, Goa (India), and Roman inquistions continued.
- The French philosopher Voltaire wrote "Goa is sadly famous for its inquisition, which is contrary to humanity as much as to commerce. The Portuguese monks deluded us into believing that the Indian populace was worshipping the Devil, while it is they who served him." (Voltaire, Lettres sur l'origine des sciences et sur celle des peuples de l'Asie (first published Paris, 1777), letter of 15 December 1775)
- The Popes supported and commissioned Renaissance art, much of which was pornographic.
| In 451 AD, 630 Bishops declared at the council of Chalcedon that "What Leo believes we all believe, anathema to him who believes anything else. Peter has spoken through the mouth of Leo." |