Alcohol: Difference between revisions

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    Alcohol refers to a fermented or distilled intoxicating beverage containing ethanol.  During the period known as Prohibition, from 1919 to 1933, it was illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell alcoholic beverages in the United States.
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    =William Branham and Alcohol=
    <div style="float:left;width:260px;padding:.3em 0;margin:2px 2px 0; background-color:#cedff2"> [[Alcohol Self Study|Self Guided Bible Study]]</div>
     
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    The State of Indiana had already declared prohibition in 1916 when William Branham's father started operating a moonshine still. As a child, William Branham witnessed the drunken actions of the men and women who frequented his father's speakeasy. William Branham claimed that a voice spoke to him as a child, while he was hauling water used to cool the still, and said: ''"Don't ever drink, or smoke, or defile your body in any way. There will be a work for you to do when you get older."''
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    But surprisingly, William Branham required the drinking of wine at communion, '''clearly disobeying the message that the "angel" had supposedly given him'''.
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    Alcohol (Arabic: الغول‎ al-ghawl — properly meaning "spirit" or "demon" ) refers to a fermented or distilled intoxicating beverage containing ethanol.  A number of countries forbid the commerce, consumption or advertising of alcoholic beverages, or restrict them in various ways. During the period known as Prohibition, from 1919 to 1933, it was illegal to manufacture, transport, import, export, or sell alcoholic beverages in the United States.


    The State of Indiana had already declared prohibition in 1916, when William Branham's father started operating a moonshine still. While hauling water used to cool the still, a voice spoke to William Branham from a whirlwind and said: "Don't ever drink, or smoke, or defile your body in any way. There will be a work for you to do when you get older." As a result of this experience, combined with the drunken actions of the 'friends' who visited his father's still, William Branham never consumed alcohol outside of the religious service of communion. He also spoke very harshly against social drinking - especially Christians engaged in this act.  
    Throughout his recorded sermons, William Branham spoke harshly against drinking - especially against Christians engaging in these activities.


    Today, most Christians believe that it is acceptable to drink in moderation, although a few still abstain. The question is: was William Branham's position on alcohol solely experiential, or does it have a Biblical basis? Based on the following study, we suggest that as a Christian, it is improper to indulge in social drinking, even in moderation.
    So is drinking really "defiling your body" as William Branham preached?  


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    |''Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord's table, and of the table of devils.'' <br> (I Corinthians 10:21)
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    |''Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days'' (Colossians 2:16)
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    Alcohol (specifically wine and strong drink) is mentioned numerous times in the Bible, and is referred to as an intoxicant, medicine, beverage, and religious symbol. But comparing scriptural pros and cons will only serve to justify both those who drink, and those who do not drink. For example:
    =Alcohol in the Bible=
     
    Alcohol (specifically wine and strong drink) is mentioned numerous times in the Bible, and is referred to as an intoxicant, medicine, beverage, and religious symbol.  


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    # I Timothy 5: Scripture says to drink wine, and not water  
    # I Timothy 5: Scripture says to drink wine, and not water  
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    Scriptures against drinking
    Scriptures against getting drunk
    # Genesis: Wine is deceiving  
    # Genesis: Wine is deceiving  
    # Numbers 6: Vow of a Nazarite  
    # Numbers 6: Vow of a Nazarite  
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    In order for there to be a Biblical basis for or against drinking, both the scriptures that appear to support drinking, and those that appear to discourage drinking should agree, rather than argue. A quick glance suggests that moderate drinking is acceptable; however, William Branham - a man approved of God as a prophet through visions and miracles, strongly rebuked drinking and even moderate drinking. Here are some of the reasons why William Branham was against Christians partaking in any form of social drinking:
    ==King and Priests==
     
    ===King and Priests===
    Jesus calls his followers "Kings and Priests" (Revelation 1:6). Looking at the Old Testament, it is very clear how God intended Kings and Priests to act around alcohol:  
    Jesus calls his followers "Kings and Priests" (Revelation 1:6). Looking at the Old Testament, it is very clear how God intended Kings and Priests to act around alcohol:  


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    |''Be not among winebibbers...'' (Proverbs 23:20-21), ''...it is not for kings to drink wine'' (Proverbs 31:4-5), ''Neither shall any priest drink wine...'' (Ezekiel 44:21), ''the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink'' (Isaiah 28:7), ''Do not drink wine nor strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die'' (Leviticus 10:8)  
    |''Be not among winebibbers...'' (Proverbs 23:20-21), ''...it is not for kings to drink wine'' (Proverbs 31:4-5), ''Neither shall any priest drink wine...'' (Ezekiel 44:21), ''the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink'' (Isaiah 28:7), ''Do not drink wine nor strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die'' (Leviticus 10:8)  
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    It should not be a mystery to the Christian that their body "is the temple of the Holy Ghost". (I Corinthians 6:19)  As the priests were not allowed to drink wine or strong drink in the temple, why should the Christian be allowed to drink in the temple of the Holy Ghost?  
    Christians are taught that their body "is the temple of the Holy Ghost". (I Corinthians 6:19)  As priests were not allowed to drink wine or strong drink in the temple, a modern parallel could discourage strong drink in the temple of the Holy Ghost.  


    William Branham said: ''we're sons and daughters of the King. We ought to be conducting ourselves, not in gambling, not in smoking, not in drinking, not in picture shows, and television programs, and scandal, and lies, and carrying on. We should conduct ourselves as sons and daughters of God, walking with our heads up, living in the Light of the King. Yes, sir. It's yours if you want it.'' (The Inner Veil, Sturgis MI, 56-01-21)  
    However, the Apostles told the Gentile Christians to abstain from:
    *pollutions of idols,  
    *fornication,  
    *from things strangled, and  
    *from blood.<ref>''For it has seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay on you no greater burden than these requirements: 29 that you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell.(The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), Ac 15:28–29.)</ref>


    ===A Separated People===
    None of their instructions asked the Gentile Christians to abstain from alcohol.  
    When God called the children of Israel out of Egypt, they first spent 40 years with no wine (Deuteronomy 29:5-6) so that they would know that "I am the Lord your God".  Moses also taught the people of a "Nazarite" vow, which was for separation unto the Lord, part of which involved abstinence from wine (Numbers 6:2-3).  The prophet Daniel also abstained from wine without taking such a vow, so that he would not "defile" himself, (Daniel 1:8) and John the baptist was instructed to "drink neither wine nor strong drink". (Luke 1:15)  William Branham had a similar angelic commission.


    William Branham said about his campaign in Germany: ''So after while there come a question around the table, "What was the matter," that I wasn't drinking my beer, "was it because it wasn't good?" ...Now, I know it's written: when you're in Rome, be a Roman. But I said, "Tell them this: 'I do not condemn them. But I was borned under a Nazarite birth; I'm not supposed to drink.'" I didn't want to hurt them. And they understood it, went right on drinking.'' (Oncoming Storm, Phoenix, AZ, 60-02-29)
    William Branham said, ''"Cussing, swearing, drinking, that's not sin; that's the attributes of sin."'' <ref>March 26, 1953, William Branham </ref>  However, Jesus was a king and a priest, and he drank and created wine. Jesus was also the sinless, spotless lamb of God.  If drinking is a sin, then Jesus was not a perfect sacrifice. So William Branham was wrong and drinking is not sin or an attribute of sin. Drinking just means you are drinking, just like driving means you are driving. It is the purpose of what you are doing that defines your actions.


    So while the separated should live holy, they should not act the part of the judge, ''Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days:'' (Colossians 2:16), because at the end of the day, God will judge or approve whom He will.  
    ==A Separated People==
    William Branham said that he was "born under a Nazarite birth", similar to how John the baptist was instructed to "drink neither wine nor strong drink" (Luke 1:15).  However, William Branham did not observe the strict rules of a Nazarite in his lifestyle. Some examples of this include:


    *He consumed wine as part of the religous observance of communion,
    *He did not abstain from grapes or raisins, he cut his hair, and he did not avoid corpses (all prohibited for a Nazarite). 


    ===Communion and Restoration===
    As such, William Branham simply shunned alcohol and did not live under a Nazarite vow.   
    Melchizedek, the priest of the most high God, ate bread and wine (communion) with Abraham.  Jesus, the son of the most high God, served bread and wine to his disciples. After this, Jesus said two things to his disciples:  
     
    Some people in the Bible who did shun alcohol include:
    #The Children of Israel in the wilderness, who did not have any wine or strong drink so that they would know that "I am the Lord your God" (Deuteronomy 29:5-6).
    #The prophet Daniel also abstained from wine, so that he would not "defile" himself, (Daniel 1:8).
    #The prophet Jeremiah then brought wine to the sons of Jonadab, and instructed them to drink (Jeremiah 35).  They refused because of a vow they had made to their father, and Jeremiah blessed them for keeping their vow. 
    #John the Baptist did not drink wine. 
     
    ==Communion and Restoration==
    Melchizedek, the priest of the most high God, ate bread and wine (communion) with Abraham.  Jesus, the son of God and a priest after the order of Melchizedek, served bread and wine to his disciples. After this, Jesus said two things to his disciples:  
    #''I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.'' (Matthew 26:29)
    #''I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.'' (Matthew 26:29)
    #''this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me.'' (I Corinthians 11:25)
    #''this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me.'' (I Corinthians 11:25)
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    From that point on, wine came to symbolize two things: the blood of Jesus Christ (our point of contact with God), and the promise of a new kingdom.  In the Old Testament, wine was also symbolized with the sacrifice lamb and restoration (Numbers 28:7, Leviticus 23:12-13).
    From that point on, wine came to symbolize two things: the blood of Jesus Christ (our point of contact with God), and the promise of a new kingdom.  In the Old Testament, wine was also symbolized with the sacrifice lamb and restoration (Numbers 28:7, Leviticus 23:12-13).


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    Jesus never asked his disciples not to drink wine, but to remember him. 
     
    Martin Luther was known to drink, and promoted his love for beer.  He explained the entire Reformation as, '''''“…while I sat still and drank beer with Philiip and Amsdorf, God dealt the papacy a mighty blow.”''''' Luther’s letters to his wife Catherine lamented the fact he didn’t have her beer on hand to drink.
     
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    |''And ye shall offer...an he lamb without blemish of the first year for a burnt offering unto the LORD...and the drink offering thereof shall be of wine...'' (Leviticus 23:12-13)
    |''And ye shall offer...an he lamb without blemish of the first year for a burnt offering unto the LORD...and the drink offering thereof shall be of wine...'' (Leviticus 23:12-13)
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    Those who refrain from drinking alcohol, apart from the Lord's supper, are simply following Jesus's example in not partaking of the fruit of the vine until God's Kingdom comes, while keeping his commandment to gather at Passover.  William Branham said: ''That's the first thing we'll take after we enter into the New Kingdom, we will eat it anew with Him in the Father's Kingdom, the bread and wine. "I'll not drink the fruit of the vine, or eat the bread anymore, until I eat it with you anew in the Father's Kingdom, and at that day.'' (Shalom, Sierra Vista, AZ, 640112) 
    ==Medicinal use==
     
     
    ===Medicine===
    Wine is presented as a medicine or anesthetic by at least four people in the Bible: Paul, Solomon, Abigail, and Ziba:
    Wine is presented as a medicine or anesthetic by at least four people in the Bible: Paul, Solomon, Abigail, and Ziba:


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    *''Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts. Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.'' (Proverbs 31:6-7)
    *''Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts. Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.'' (Proverbs 31:6-7)


     
    ==Deception==
    ===Deception===
    Alcohol has paved the way for the humiliating fall of the righteous since Noah's first hangover after the flood. (Genesis 9:24-25)  Lot was another man who felt its shame, as his daughters got him drunk in order to commit incest (Genesis 19:35-36).   
    William Branham said, ''A certain church that I was at not long ago, they was voting in their pastor. And they said, "Now, we can't have him, because he is an old crank. We want somebody who'll go swimming with us, the girls and boys together, who'll take a little sociable drink, let us have dances in the basement." Huh! You just... I don't know what to tell you. You're sure in a bad shape. You see, sometime your choice is not God's choice.'' (Jehovah Jireh, Cleveland, TN, 57-01-06))
     
    Wine is the end of wisdom, and has paved the way for the humiliating fall of the righteous since Noah's first hangover after the flood. (Genesis 9:24-25)  Lot was another man who felt its shame, as his daughters got him drunk in order to commit incest (Genesis 19:35-36).   


    *Proverbs 21:17: ''he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich.''
    *Proverbs 21:17: ''he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich.''
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    But the deception extends from those innocently shamed, into a tool for the cruel and ungodly.  Isaiah calls certain spiritual leaders "greedy dogs" who say ''I will fetch wine, and we will fill ourselves with strong drink'' (Isaiah 56:11-12).  But Isaiah goes further, cursing the shepherds who drink wine, saying ''Surely this iniquity shall not be purged from you till ye die, saith the Lord GOD of hosts.'' (Isaiah 22:13-14) Finally, God told his prophet Hosea to marry a harlot to show God's shame towards Israel for their love for "flagons of wine" (Hosea 3:1)
    But the deception extends from those innocently shamed, into a tool for the cruel and ungodly.  Isaiah calls certain spiritual leaders "greedy dogs" who say ''I will fetch wine, and we will fill ourselves with strong drink'' (Isaiah 56:11-12).  But Isaiah goes further, cursing the shepherds who drink wine, saying ''Surely this iniquity shall not be purged from you till ye die, saith the Lord GOD of hosts.'' (Isaiah 22:13-14) Finally, God told his prophet Hosea to marry a harlot to show God's shame towards Israel for their love for "flagons of wine" (Hosea 3:1)


     
    ==Immorality and Perversion==
    ===Immorality and Perversion===
    Innocence and wine do not naturally go hand in hand.  Which is why Hosea says ''Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart.'' (Hosea 4:11)  
    Innocence and wine do not go hand in hand.  Which is why Hosea says ''Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart.'' (Hosea 4:11) Wine is always in the possession (or thoughts) of those who fall away from God:


    *''For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter: Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.'' (Deuteronomy 32:32-33)
    *''For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter: Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.'' (Deuteronomy 32:32-33)
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    *''And they have cast lots for my people; and have given a boy for an harlot, and sold a girl for wine, that they might drink.'' (Joel 3:3)
    *''And they have cast lots for my people; and have given a boy for an harlot, and sold a girl for wine, that they might drink.'' (Joel 3:3)


     
    Alcohol can lead to despair just like driving a car can lead to an accident.
    ===Living for others===
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    ==Living for others==
    The Bible says ''All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not. Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth...'' (I Corinthians 10:23-24,31-33)  
    The Bible says ''All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not. Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth...'' (I Corinthians 10:23-24,31-33)  


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    *'''Everyone''': ''It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak.'' (Romans 14:23)
    *'''Everyone''': ''It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak.'' (Romans 14:23)


    William Branham said "''you let a drunk man get out here on the street with...his automobile. That man ought to have at least ten years in prison. You let a man go down the street this morning with a--with a pistol in his hand shooting around like that, they'd throw the keys away on that guy. They'd send him to the inner jails. And then a drunk man can come down the street. He's absolutely just as much in danger of killing somebody as a man is with a pistol, and he gets five dollars for it or something. See? See, he--he's, It's almost premeditated murder.''"  (Investments, Phoenix, AZ, 01-26-63)  This statement is all the more potent when you realize that William Branham was killed by a drunk driver.  
    ==Intoxication in the Old Testament==
    Wine was inseparably linked to promises of prosperity in the Old Testament, and a blessing from God. Many of these scriptures can be read as prophecies of the Holy Spirit descending, which was fulfilled in the New Testament.  


    When Moses led the children of Israel in the wilderness, their only provision was mana, and water from the rock.  Specifically, they did not have any wine or strong drink. (Deuteronomy 29:5-6) The result of 40 years of prohibition was that the "next generation" who entered the promise land did so sober.  This is the first instance of "prohibition for the youth". So, if you want your children to enter into the promised land...don't drink.
    *''That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.''<ref>Deuteronomy 11:14</ref>
    *''Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers: And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee.''<ref>Deuteronomy 7:12-13</ref>
    *''He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth; And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.''<ref>Psalms 104:14-15</ref>
    *''Honour the LORD with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of all thine increase: So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine.''<ref>Proverbs 3:9-10</ref>
    *''Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works.''<ref>Ecclesiastes 9:7 </ref>
    *''A feast is made for laughter, and wine maketh merry...''<ref>Ecclesiastes 10:19</ref>


    There are two scriptures in the Old Testament that could be taken as encouraging the drinking of alcohol:


    ===Judgement===
    1. Moses gave a commandment to spend tithes on a party, including strong drink:
    ''But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.'' (I Samuel 25:37)


    There is no question that alcohol can possess an individual to do something they would not normally do. One question is, how can a Christian pay for a pack of beer (or a bottle of wine), knowing that a part of the cost is going to convince someone else (through advertising) to purchase a drink that may harm them.  The stories are endless - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, suffocation in their own vomit, murder, and pre-marital sex are only some of types of collateral damage from intoxication. In the end, many "Christian" ministers and their congregations are leading people to hell, and not heaven, through the part of the cost of their beer that goes to advertising.  
    :''...spend the money for whatever you desire — oxen or sheep or '''wine or strong drink''', whatever your appetite craves. And you shall eat there before the LORD your God and rejoice, you and your household.<ref>The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), Dt 14:26.</ref>


    Matthew 18:6-7 says ''But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea.  Woe unto the world because of offences! for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh!''
    2. A king's blessing on the people to drink:


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    :''And as soon as David had made an end of offering burnt offerings and peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD of hosts. And he dealt among all the people, even among the whole multitude of Israel, as well to the women as men, to every one a cake of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. So all the people departed every one to his house.''<ref>II Samuel 6:18-19</ref>
     
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    |''Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes? They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed wine. Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright. At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder.'' (Proverbs 23:29-33)
    |''Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes? They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed wine. Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright. At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder.'' (Proverbs 23:29-33)


    Awake, ye drunkards, and weep; and howl, all ye drinkers of wine, because of the new wine; for it is cut off from your mouth. (Joel 1:5)  
    ''Awake, ye drunkards, and weep; and howl, all ye drinkers of wine, because of the new wine; for it is cut off from your mouth.'' (Joel 1:5)  
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    ==Intoxication in the New Testament==
    The consumption of alcohol is discussed throughout the New Testament
    ===Jesus and Alcohol===
    Jesus referred to himself as a drinker:
    :''The Son of Man came eating and drinking, and they say, ‘Look at him! A glutton and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!’<ref>The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), Mt 11:19.</ref>


    Jesus also created wine at a wedding feast:


    ===Intoxication in the New Testament===
    :''Now there were '''six stone water jars''' there for Jewish ceremonial washing, each holding '''twenty or thirty gallons'''.  Jesus told the servants, “Fill the water jars with water.” So they filled them up to the very top.  Then he told them, “Now draw some out and take it to the head steward,” and they did.  When the head steward tasted the water that had been turned to wine, not knowing where it came from (though the servants who had drawn the water knew), he called the bridegroom and said to him, “'''Everyone serves the good wine first, and then the cheaper wine when the guests are drunk'''. You have kept the good wine until now!”<ref>Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical Studies Press, 2006), Jn 2:6–10.</ref>
    When the Holy Spirit fell on Pentecost, those on the streets mocked them, thinking that they were drunk. (Acts 2:13)    The Holy Spirit is the intoxication of the New Testament, which is the fulfillment of Joel's prophecy ''I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh:'' (Acts 2:17)


    In comparison, Peter said that before his conversion it was not unusual for him to get drunk (I Peter 4:3).  After his conversion, however, Peter calls in no uncertain terms for Christians to "be sober". (I Peter 4:7).
    This indicates that Jesus created somewhere between '''120 and 180 gallons of wine'''And very good wine at that!
     
    ==Alcohol and the early church==
     
    After the Holy Spirit fell on Pentecost, those on the streets mocked them, thinking that they were drunk. (Acts 2:13)   
     
    Joel's prophecy that ''I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh:'' (Acts 2:17) was demonstrated to be fulfilled by the intoxicating effect of the Holy Spirit on the first believers.  


    Other references to the substitution of the Holy Spirit for the bottle are found as follows:
    Other references to the substitution of the Holy Spirit for the bottle are found as follows:
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    *''For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit.'' (I Corinthians 12:13)
    *''For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit.'' (I Corinthians 12:13)


    The Holy Spirit is the fulfillment of the promise of wine in the Old Testament, including:
    In comparison, Peter said that before his conversion it was not unusual for him to get drunk (1 Peter 4:3).  After his conversion, however, Peter encourages Christians to "be sober". (I Peter 4:7). 
    *Psalms 104:14-15 ''He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth; And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.''
     
    *Proverbs 3:9-10 ''Honour the LORD with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of all thine increase: So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine.''
    However, it is clear that those in the church in Corinth drank, and even got drunk:
    *Ecclesiastes 9:7 ''Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works.''
     
    *Ecclesiastes 10:19 ''A feast is made for laughter, and wine maketh merry...''
    :''When you come together, it is not the Lord’s supper that you eat.  For in eating, each one goes ahead with his own meal. One goes hungry, '''another gets drunk'''.  What! Do you not have houses to eat and drink in?<ref>The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 1 Co 11:20–22.</ref>
    *Deuteronomy 7:12-13 ''Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers: And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee.''
     
    *Deuteronomy 11:14 ''That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.''
    =Alcohol in the church historically=
     
    There is no disagreement that Jesus’ first miracle was turning water into wine.  As a result, none of the early church fathers forbade drinking.  The view of total abstinence from alcohol never existed within the Christian church until the 1800s.  What the church did teach was moderation.
     
    Clement of Rome was a disciple of Peter and, perhaps, Paul.  Some early church fathers held him to be the authour of the book of Hebrews.  He wrote a letter to the church of Corinth about 95 A.D. Here is an excerpt from that epistle:
     
    :''“Use a little wine,” says the apostle to Timothy, who drank water, “for thy stomach’s sake;” most properly applying its aid as a strengthening tonic suitable to a sickly body enfeebled with watery humours; and specifying “a little,” lest the remedy should, on account of its quantity, unobserved, create the necessity of other treatment.
     
    :''One Artorius, in his book On Long Life (for so I remember), thinks that drink should be taken only till the food be moistened, that we may attain to a longer life. It is fitting, then, that some apply wine by way of physic, for the sake of health alone, and others for purposes of relaxation and enjoyment. For first wine makes the man who has drunk it more benignant than before, more agreeable to his boon companions, kinder to his domestics, and more pleasant to his friends. But when intoxicated, he becomes violent instead. For wine being warm, and having sweet juices when duly mixed, dissolves the foul excrementitious matters by its warmth, and mixes the acrid and base humours with the agreeable scents.
    It has therefore been well said, “A joy of the soul and heart was wine created from the beginning, when drunk in moderate sufficiency.” And it is best to mix the wine with as much water as possible, and not to have recourse to it as to water, and so get enervated to drunkenness, and not pour it in as water from love of wine. For both are works of God; and so the mixture of both, of water and of wine, conduces together to health, because life consists of what is necessary and of what is useful. With water, then, which is the necessary of life, and to be used in abundance, there is also to be mixed the useful.


    The one scripture in the Old Testament that could be taken as a prophet's blessing on the people to get drunk reads like this:
    :''...With reason, therefore, the apostle enjoins, “Be not drunk with wine, in which there is much excess;” by the term excess (ἀσωτία) intimating the inconsistence of drunkenness with salvation (τὸ ἄσωστονs). For if He made water wine at the marriage, He did not give permission to get drunk. He gave life to the watery element of the meaning of the law, filling with His blood the doer of it who is of Adam, that is, the whole world; supplying piety with drink from the vine of truth, the mixture of the old law and of the new word, in order to the fulfilment of the predestined time.  
    *II Samuel 6:18-19 ''And as soon as David had made an end of offering burnt offerings and peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD of hosts. And he dealt among all the people, even among the whole multitude of Israel, as well to the women as men, to every one a cake of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. So all the people departed every one to his house.''


    The interesting thing is that even though King David hands out a small portion of bread and meat, and a large portion of wine to both men and women (unlike the 200:1 ratio of bread to alcohol that Abigail gave David), "everyone '''departed to their own house.'''  It is important to note that the scripture does not say that all the singles went to the pub first...which is what many Christians who want to drink expect to do with their liberties.
    :''...In what manner do you think the Lord drank when He became man for our sakes? As shamelessly as we? Was it not with decorum and propriety? Was it not deliberately? For rest assured, He Himself also partook of wine; for He, too, was man. And He blessed the wine, saying, “Take, drink: this is my blood”—the blood of the vine. He figuratively calls the Word “shed for many, for the remission of sins”—the holy stream of gladness. And that he who drinks ought to observe moderation, He clearly showed by what He taught at feasts. For He did not teach affected by wine. And that it was wine which was the thing blessed, He showed again, when He said to His disciples, “I will not drink of the fruit of this vine, till I drink it with you in the kingdom of my Father.”2 But that it was wine which was drunk by the Lord, He tells us again, when He spake concerning Himself, reproaching the Jews for their hardness of heart: “For the Son of man,” He says, “came, and they say, Behold a glutton and a wine-bibber, a friend of publicans.” <ref>Clement of Alexandria, “The Instructor,” in Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire), ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, vol. 2, The Ante-Nicene Fathers (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), 242–246.</ref>


    |-
    =Summary=
    |}
    Drinking is not a sin, or Jesus could not have been the spotless lamb.  If you were raised in the prohibition of the Message, that sentence may take some time to process.  What is condemned in the scriptures is drinking to excess (getting drunk) because it leads to actions that could negatively impact you and others.  So any caution in the scriptures not to get drunk is for your benefit. 
     
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    [[Category:Doctrines]]

    Latest revision as of 00:14, 22 January 2020

    Cocktails.jpg

    This article is one in a series of studies on Alcohol and the Message - you are currently on the topic that is in bold:

    Alcohol refers to a fermented or distilled intoxicating beverage containing ethanol. During the period known as Prohibition, from 1919 to 1933, it was illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell alcoholic beverages in the United States.

    William Branham and Alcohol

    The State of Indiana had already declared prohibition in 1916 when William Branham's father started operating a moonshine still. As a child, William Branham witnessed the drunken actions of the men and women who frequented his father's speakeasy. William Branham claimed that a voice spoke to him as a child, while he was hauling water used to cool the still, and said: "Don't ever drink, or smoke, or defile your body in any way. There will be a work for you to do when you get older."

    But surprisingly, William Branham required the drinking of wine at communion, clearly disobeying the message that the "angel" had supposedly given him.

    Throughout his recorded sermons, William Branham spoke harshly against drinking - especially against Christians engaging in these activities.

    So is drinking really "defiling your body" as William Branham preached?

    Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days (Colossians 2:16)

    Alcohol in the Bible

    Alcohol (specifically wine and strong drink) is mentioned numerous times in the Bible, and is referred to as an intoxicant, medicine, beverage, and religious symbol.

    Scriptures supporting drinking
    1. Judges 9: Wine cheers both God and Man,
    2. I/II Samuel: Wine was a common drink,
    3. Psalm 104, Ecclesiastes 10: Wine is enjoyable
    4. Matthew 11: Jesus drank wine
    5. John 2: Jesus created wine for others to drink
    6. I Timothy 5: Scripture says to drink wine, and not water

    Scriptures against getting drunk

    1. Genesis: Wine is deceiving
    2. Numbers 6: Vow of a Nazarite
    3. Proverbs: Wine leads to trouble
    4. Isaiah 28/56: Wine perverts instruction
    5. Ephesians 5: Not good to be drunk
    6. I Timothy/Titus: Elders in the Church should avoid much wine

    King and Priests

    Jesus calls his followers "Kings and Priests" (Revelation 1:6). Looking at the Old Testament, it is very clear how God intended Kings and Priests to act around alcohol:

    Be not among winebibbers... (Proverbs 23:20-21), ...it is not for kings to drink wine (Proverbs 31:4-5), Neither shall any priest drink wine... (Ezekiel 44:21), the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink (Isaiah 28:7), Do not drink wine nor strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die (Leviticus 10:8)

    Christians are taught that their body "is the temple of the Holy Ghost". (I Corinthians 6:19) As priests were not allowed to drink wine or strong drink in the temple, a modern parallel could discourage strong drink in the temple of the Holy Ghost.

    However, the Apostles told the Gentile Christians to abstain from:

    • pollutions of idols,
    • fornication,
    • from things strangled, and
    • from blood.[1]

    None of their instructions asked the Gentile Christians to abstain from alcohol.

    William Branham said, "Cussing, swearing, drinking, that's not sin; that's the attributes of sin." [2] However, Jesus was a king and a priest, and he drank and created wine. Jesus was also the sinless, spotless lamb of God. If drinking is a sin, then Jesus was not a perfect sacrifice. So William Branham was wrong and drinking is not sin or an attribute of sin. Drinking just means you are drinking, just like driving means you are driving. It is the purpose of what you are doing that defines your actions.

    A Separated People

    William Branham said that he was "born under a Nazarite birth", similar to how John the baptist was instructed to "drink neither wine nor strong drink" (Luke 1:15). However, William Branham did not observe the strict rules of a Nazarite in his lifestyle. Some examples of this include:

    • He consumed wine as part of the religous observance of communion,
    • He did not abstain from grapes or raisins, he cut his hair, and he did not avoid corpses (all prohibited for a Nazarite).

    As such, William Branham simply shunned alcohol and did not live under a Nazarite vow.

    Some people in the Bible who did shun alcohol include:

    1. The Children of Israel in the wilderness, who did not have any wine or strong drink so that they would know that "I am the Lord your God" (Deuteronomy 29:5-6).
    2. The prophet Daniel also abstained from wine, so that he would not "defile" himself, (Daniel 1:8).
    3. The prophet Jeremiah then brought wine to the sons of Jonadab, and instructed them to drink (Jeremiah 35). They refused because of a vow they had made to their father, and Jeremiah blessed them for keeping their vow.
    4. John the Baptist did not drink wine.

    Communion and Restoration

    Melchizedek, the priest of the most high God, ate bread and wine (communion) with Abraham. Jesus, the son of God and a priest after the order of Melchizedek, served bread and wine to his disciples. After this, Jesus said two things to his disciples:

    1. I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom. (Matthew 26:29)
    2. this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me. (I Corinthians 11:25)

    From that point on, wine came to symbolize two things: the blood of Jesus Christ (our point of contact with God), and the promise of a new kingdom. In the Old Testament, wine was also symbolized with the sacrifice lamb and restoration (Numbers 28:7, Leviticus 23:12-13).

    Jesus never asked his disciples not to drink wine, but to remember him.

    Martin Luther was known to drink, and promoted his love for beer. He explained the entire Reformation as, “…while I sat still and drank beer with Philiip and Amsdorf, God dealt the papacy a mighty blow.” Luther’s letters to his wife Catherine lamented the fact he didn’t have her beer on hand to drink.

    And ye shall offer...an he lamb without blemish of the first year for a burnt offering unto the LORD...and the drink offering thereof shall be of wine... (Leviticus 23:12-13)

    Medicinal use

    Wine is presented as a medicine or anesthetic by at least four people in the Bible: Paul, Solomon, Abigail, and Ziba:

    • Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake and thine often infirmities. (I Timothy 5:23)
    • Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two bottles of wine... (I Samuel 25:18)
    • And when David was a little past the top of the hill, behold, Ziba the servant of Mephibosheth met him, with a couple of asses saddled, and upon them two hundred loaves of bread...and a bottle of wine. And the king said unto Ziba, What meanest thou by these? And Ziba said...the bread...for the young men to eat; and the wine, that such as be faint in the wilderness may drink. (II Samuel 16:1-2)
    • Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts. Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more. (Proverbs 31:6-7)

    Deception

    Alcohol has paved the way for the humiliating fall of the righteous since Noah's first hangover after the flood. (Genesis 9:24-25) Lot was another man who felt its shame, as his daughters got him drunk in order to commit incest (Genesis 19:35-36).

    • Proverbs 21:17: he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich.
    • Proverbs 20:1 Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging: and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.

    But the deception extends from those innocently shamed, into a tool for the cruel and ungodly. Isaiah calls certain spiritual leaders "greedy dogs" who say I will fetch wine, and we will fill ourselves with strong drink (Isaiah 56:11-12). But Isaiah goes further, cursing the shepherds who drink wine, saying Surely this iniquity shall not be purged from you till ye die, saith the Lord GOD of hosts. (Isaiah 22:13-14) Finally, God told his prophet Hosea to marry a harlot to show God's shame towards Israel for their love for "flagons of wine" (Hosea 3:1)

    Immorality and Perversion

    Innocence and wine do not naturally go hand in hand. Which is why Hosea says Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart. (Hosea 4:11)

    • For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter: Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps. (Deuteronomy 32:32-33)
    • Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight! Woe unto them that are mighty to drink wine, and men of strength to mingle strong drink: (Isaiah 5:21-22)
    • Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame them! And the harp, and the viol, the tabret, and pipe, and wine, are in their feasts: but they regard not the work of the LORD, neither consider the operation of his hands. (Isaiah 5:11-12)
    • And they have cast lots for my people; and have given a boy for an harlot, and sold a girl for wine, that they might drink. (Joel 3:3)

    Alcohol can lead to despair just like driving a car can lead to an accident.

    "If it's wrong for my dear converted alcoholics and addicts and prostitutes to drink, even moderately, then it is deadly wrong for mature Christians to drink and set a poor example for them."

    Sipping Saints by David Wilkerson of The Cross and the Switchblade.

    Living for others

    The Bible says All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not. Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth... (I Corinthians 10:23-24,31-33)

    Clear instruction is given to specific classes of individuals as well:

    • Bishops: Not given to wine (Titus 1:7), sober...Not given to wine (I Timothy 3:2-3)
    • Aged women: that they be in behaviour as becometh holiness...not given to much wine...That they may teach the young women to be sober (Titus 2:3-4)
    • Deacons: not given to much wine (I Timothy 3:8)
    • Everyone: It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak. (Romans 14:23)

    Intoxication in the Old Testament

    Wine was inseparably linked to promises of prosperity in the Old Testament, and a blessing from God. Many of these scriptures can be read as prophecies of the Holy Spirit descending, which was fulfilled in the New Testament.

    • That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.[3]
    • Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers: And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee.[4]
    • He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth; And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.[5]
    • Honour the LORD with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of all thine increase: So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine.[6]
    • Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works.[7]
    • A feast is made for laughter, and wine maketh merry...[8]

    There are two scriptures in the Old Testament that could be taken as encouraging the drinking of alcohol:

    1. Moses gave a commandment to spend tithes on a party, including strong drink:

    ...spend the money for whatever you desire — oxen or sheep or wine or strong drink, whatever your appetite craves. And you shall eat there before the LORD your God and rejoice, you and your household.[9]

    2. A king's blessing on the people to drink:

    And as soon as David had made an end of offering burnt offerings and peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD of hosts. And he dealt among all the people, even among the whole multitude of Israel, as well to the women as men, to every one a cake of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. So all the people departed every one to his house.[10]
    Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes? They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed wine. Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright. At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. (Proverbs 23:29-33)

    Awake, ye drunkards, and weep; and howl, all ye drinkers of wine, because of the new wine; for it is cut off from your mouth. (Joel 1:5)

    Intoxication in the New Testament

    The consumption of alcohol is discussed throughout the New Testament

    Jesus and Alcohol

    Jesus referred to himself as a drinker:

    The Son of Man came eating and drinking, and they say, ‘Look at him! A glutton and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!’[11]

    Jesus also created wine at a wedding feast:

    Now there were six stone water jars there for Jewish ceremonial washing, each holding twenty or thirty gallons.  Jesus told the servants, “Fill the water jars with water.” So they filled them up to the very top.  Then he told them, “Now draw some out and take it to the head steward,” and they did.  When the head steward tasted the water that had been turned to wine, not knowing where it came from (though the servants who had drawn the water knew), he called the bridegroom and said to him, “Everyone serves the good wine first, and then the cheaper wine when the guests are drunk. You have kept the good wine until now!”[12]

    This indicates that Jesus created somewhere between 120 and 180 gallons of wine. And very good wine at that!

    Alcohol and the early church

    After the Holy Spirit fell on Pentecost, those on the streets mocked them, thinking that they were drunk. (Acts 2:13)

    Joel's prophecy that I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: (Acts 2:17) was demonstrated to be fulfilled by the intoxicating effect of the Holy Spirit on the first believers.

    Other references to the substitution of the Holy Spirit for the bottle are found as follows:

    • And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit; (Ephesians 5:18)
    • For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. (I Corinthians 12:13)

    In comparison, Peter said that before his conversion it was not unusual for him to get drunk (1 Peter 4:3). After his conversion, however, Peter encourages Christians to "be sober". (I Peter 4:7).

    However, it is clear that those in the church in Corinth drank, and even got drunk:

    When you come together, it is not the Lord’s supper that you eat.  For in eating, each one goes ahead with his own meal. One goes hungry, another gets drunk.  What! Do you not have houses to eat and drink in?[13]

    Alcohol in the church historically

    There is no disagreement that Jesus’ first miracle was turning water into wine. As a result, none of the early church fathers forbade drinking. The view of total abstinence from alcohol never existed within the Christian church until the 1800s. What the church did teach was moderation.

    Clement of Rome was a disciple of Peter and, perhaps, Paul. Some early church fathers held him to be the authour of the book of Hebrews. He wrote a letter to the church of Corinth about 95 A.D. Here is an excerpt from that epistle:

    “Use a little wine,” says the apostle to Timothy, who drank water, “for thy stomach’s sake;” most properly applying its aid as a strengthening tonic suitable to a sickly body enfeebled with watery humours; and specifying “a little,” lest the remedy should, on account of its quantity, unobserved, create the necessity of other treatment.
    One Artorius, in his book On Long Life (for so I remember), thinks that drink should be taken only till the food be moistened, that we may attain to a longer life. It is fitting, then, that some apply wine by way of physic, for the sake of health alone, and others for purposes of relaxation and enjoyment. For first wine makes the man who has drunk it more benignant than before, more agreeable to his boon companions, kinder to his domestics, and more pleasant to his friends. But when intoxicated, he becomes violent instead. For wine being warm, and having sweet juices when duly mixed, dissolves the foul excrementitious matters by its warmth, and mixes the acrid and base humours with the agreeable scents.

    It has therefore been well said, “A joy of the soul and heart was wine created from the beginning, when drunk in moderate sufficiency.” And it is best to mix the wine with as much water as possible, and not to have recourse to it as to water, and so get enervated to drunkenness, and not pour it in as water from love of wine. For both are works of God; and so the mixture of both, of water and of wine, conduces together to health, because life consists of what is necessary and of what is useful. With water, then, which is the necessary of life, and to be used in abundance, there is also to be mixed the useful.

    ...With reason, therefore, the apostle enjoins, “Be not drunk with wine, in which there is much excess;” by the term excess (ἀσωτία) intimating the inconsistence of drunkenness with salvation (τὸ ἄσωστονs). For if He made water wine at the marriage, He did not give permission to get drunk. He gave life to the watery element of the meaning of the law, filling with His blood the doer of it who is of Adam, that is, the whole world; supplying piety with drink from the vine of truth, the mixture of the old law and of the new word, in order to the fulfilment of the predestined time.
    ...In what manner do you think the Lord drank when He became man for our sakes? As shamelessly as we? Was it not with decorum and propriety? Was it not deliberately? For rest assured, He Himself also partook of wine; for He, too, was man. And He blessed the wine, saying, “Take, drink: this is my blood”—the blood of the vine. He figuratively calls the Word “shed for many, for the remission of sins”—the holy stream of gladness. And that he who drinks ought to observe moderation, He clearly showed by what He taught at feasts. For He did not teach affected by wine. And that it was wine which was the thing blessed, He showed again, when He said to His disciples, “I will not drink of the fruit of this vine, till I drink it with you in the kingdom of my Father.”2 But that it was wine which was drunk by the Lord, He tells us again, when He spake concerning Himself, reproaching the Jews for their hardness of heart: “For the Son of man,” He says, “came, and they say, Behold a glutton and a wine-bibber, a friend of publicans.” [14]

    Summary

    Drinking is not a sin, or Jesus could not have been the spotless lamb. If you were raised in the prohibition of the Message, that sentence may take some time to process. What is condemned in the scriptures is drinking to excess (getting drunk) because it leads to actions that could negatively impact you and others. So any caution in the scriptures not to get drunk is for your benefit.


    Footnotes

    1. For it has seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay on you no greater burden than these requirements: 29 that you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell.” (The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), Ac 15:28–29.)
    2. March 26, 1953, William Branham
    3. Deuteronomy 11:14
    4. Deuteronomy 7:12-13
    5. Psalms 104:14-15
    6. Proverbs 3:9-10
    7. Ecclesiastes 9:7
    8. Ecclesiastes 10:19
    9. The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), Dt 14:26.
    10. II Samuel 6:18-19
    11. The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), Mt 11:19.
    12. Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First Edition; Bible. English. NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical Studies Press, 2006), Jn 2:6–10.
    13. The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton: Standard Bible Society, 2001), 1 Co 11:20–22.
    14. Clement of Alexandria, “The Instructor,” in Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire), ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, vol. 2, The Ante-Nicene Fathers (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), 242–246.


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